14-9760-80

antibody from Invitrogen Antibodies

Targeting: ACTA2 ACTSA

Provider product page for 14-9760-80

Western blot

Immunocytochemistry

Immunohistochemistry

Other assay

Antibody data

Antibody Data
Antigen structure
References [46]
Comments [0]
Validations
Western blot [2]
Immunocytochemistry [3]
Immunohistochemistry [3]
Other assay [34]

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Product number: 14-9760-80 - Provider product page
Provider: Invitrogen Antibodies
Product name: Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Monoclonal Antibody (1A4), eBioscience™
Antibody type: Monoclonal
Antigen: Other
Description: Description: The monoclonal antibody 1A4 recognizes human, mouse, and rat alpha-smooth muscle actin. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is a 42 kDa protein and is a major component of the cytoskeletal structural network. This 1A4 antibody is specific for the alpha form of muscle actin only, which is expressed by smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, myofibroblasts, and myoepithelial cells. It is also expressed in the parenchyma and stroma of various tissues. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is useful in the identification of leiomyomas, leiomycosarcomas and pleomorphic adenomas and is used as a prognostic marker for basal cell carcinoma.
Antibody clone number: 1A4
Concentration: 0.5 mg/mL

ACTA2 protein structure - 14-9760-80 shown in red.

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Western blot was performed using Anti-Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (Product # 14-9760-80) and a 42kDa band corresponding to Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin was observed across cell line and tissues tested. Membrane enriched extracts (30 µg lysate) of C2C12 (Lane 1), tissue extracts of Mouse Heart (Lane 2) and Mouse Kidney (Lane 3) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE® 4-12 % Bis-Tris gel (Product # NP0322BOX). Resolved proteins were then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Product # IB23001) by iBlot® 2 Dry Blotting System (Product # IB21001).The blot was probed with the primary antibody (1:100 dilution) and detected by chemiluminescence with Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L), Superclonal™ Recombinant Secondary Antibody, HRP (Product # A28177, 1:4000 dilution) using the iBright FL 1000 (Product # A32752). Chemiluminescent detection was performed using Novex® ECL Chemiluminescent Substrate Reagent Kit (Product # WP20005). A 25 kDa band (*) corresponding to free IgG was also observed in the tissue extracts.

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Western blot was performed using Anti-Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (Product # 14-9760-82) and a 42kDa band corresponding to Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin was observed across cell line and tissues tested. Membrane enriched extracts (30 µg lysate) of C2C12 (Lane 1), tissue extracts of Mouse Heart (Lane 2) and Mouse Kidney (Lane 3) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE® 4-12 % Bis-Tris gel (Product # NP0322BOX). Resolved proteins were then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Product # IB23001) by iBlot® 2 Dry Blotting System (Product # IB21001).The blot was probed with the primary antibody (1:100 dilution) and detected by chemiluminescence with Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L), Superclonal™ Recombinant Secondary Antibody, HRP (Product # A28177, 1:4000 dilution) using the iBright FL 1000 (Product # A32752). Chemiluminescent detection was performed using Novex® ECL Chemiluminescent Substrate Reagent Kit (Product # WP20005). A 25 kDa band (*) corresponding to free IgG was also observed in the tissue extracts.

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Immunocytochemistry of methanol-fixed and permeabilized HeLa cells using 1 µg/mL Anti-Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Purified, followed by 10 µg/mL F (ab')2 Anti-Mouse IgG eFluor® 570.

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Experimental details: Immunocytochemistry of methanol-fixed and permeabilized HeLa cells using 1 µg/mL Anti-Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Purified, followed by 10 µg/mL F (ab')2 Anti-Mouse IgG eFluor® 570.

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Experimental details: Immunofluorescence analysis of Smooth Muscle Actin was performed using 70% confluent log phase C2C12 cells. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton™ X-100 for 15 minutes, and blocked with 2% BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. The cells were labeled with Smooth Muscle Actin Polyclonal Antibody (Product # 14-9760-82) at 1 µg/mL in 0.1% BSA, incubated at 4 degree Celsius overnight and then labeled with Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Superclonal™ Recombinant Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate (Product # A28175) at a dilution of 1:2000 for 45 minutes at room temperature (Panel a: green). Nuclei (Panel b: blue) were stained with SlowFade® Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI (Product # S36938). F-actin (Panel c: red) was stained with Rhodamine Phalloidin (Product # R415, 1:300). Panel d represents the merged image showing localization to the cytoskeleton. Panel e represents control cells with no primary antibody to assess background. The images were captured at 60X magnification.

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Experimental details: Immunohistochemical analysis of ACTA2 was performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human ovarian carcinoma tissue sections. To expose the target protein, heat-induced epitope retrieval was performed on de-paraffinized sections using eBioscience™ IHC Antigen Retrieval Solution - High pH (10X) (Product # 00-4956-58) diluted to 1X solution in water in a decloaking chamber at 110 degree Celsius for 15 minutes. Following antigen retrieval, the sections were blocked with 2% normal goat serum in 1X PBS for 45 minutes at room temperature and then probed with or without Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Monoclonal Antibody (1A4), eBioscience™ (Product # 14-9760-82) at 1:100 dilution in 0.1% normal goat serum overnight at 4 degree Celsius in a humidified chamber. Detection was performed using Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488 (Product # A32723) at a dilution of 1:2000 in 0.1% normal goat serum for 45 minutes at room temperature. ReadyProbes™ Tissue Autofluorescence Quenching Kit (Product # R37630) was used to quench autofluorescence from the tissues. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (Product # D1306) and the sections were mounted using ProLong™ Glass Antifade Mountant (Product # P36984). The images were captured on EVOS™ M7000 Imaging System (Product # AMF7000) at 20X magnification.

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Experimental details: Immunohistochemical analysis of ACTA2 was performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse duodenum and mouse brain tissue sections. To expose the target protein, heat-induced epitope retrieval was performed on de-paraffinized sections using eBioscience™ IHC Antigen Retrieval Solution - Low pH (10X) (Product # 00-4955-58) diluted to 1X solution in water in a decloaking chamber at 110 degree Celsius for 15 minutes. Following antigen retrieval, the sections were blocked with 2% normal goat serum in 1X PBS for 45 minutes at room temperature and then probed with Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Monoclonal Antibody (1A4), eBioscience™ (Product # 14-9760-82) at 1:500 dilution in 0.1% normal goat serum overnight at 4 degree Celsius in a humidified chamber. Detection was performed using Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488 (Product # A32723) at a dilution of 1:2000 in 0.1% normal goat serum for 45 minutes at room temperature. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (Product # D1306) and the sections were mounted using ProLong™ Glass Antifade Mountant (Product # P36984). The images were captured on EVOS™ M7000 Imaging System (Product # AMF7000) at 20X magnification.

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Experimental details: Nuclei are stained with DAPI.Immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human infiltrating ductal carcinoma using 1 µg/mL Anti-Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Purified, followed by Anti-Mouse IgG Biotin, Streptavidin HRP and DAB visualization (right).Nuclei are counterstained with hematoxylin.

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Supportive validation

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Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 3 Cardiac mural cells originate from endothelial cells. ( a - d ) Clonal analysis of Cdh5-CreERT2 Rosa26-mTmG double-transgenic mice. ( a ) Clonal analysis strategy of Cdh5-CreERT2 Rosa26-mTmG mice indicating the stages of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) administration and analysis. ( b ) Overview of GFP+ cell distribution in heart at E16.5. ( c ) Images showing widespread distribution of EC-derived GFP+ PDGFRbeta+ mural cells (arrows). Arrowheads mark GFP- PDGFRbeta+ cells. ( d ) Higher magnification images showing vessel-associated (isolectin B4), EC-derived GFP+ PDGFRbeta+ NG2+ mural cells (arrows) at E16.5 (top and middle row) and GFP+ alphaSMA+ mural cells (arrows) at E18.5 (bottom row). Arrowheads mark GFP+ (green) isolectin B4+ (blue) ECs. Grey channel was not included in merged image. ( e ) Lineage tracing in Tie2-Cre Rosa26-mTmG double-transgenic hearts. Confocal images showing GFP+ PDGFRbeta+ NG2+ and GFP+ alphaSMA+ mural cells (arrows) in association with myocardial capillary ECs (isolectin B4). Arrowheads mark GFP+ (green) isolectin B4+ (blue) ECs. Grey channel was not included in merged image.

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Experimental details: Figure 5 AdvSca1-SM cells adopt a myofibroblast, and only rarely macrophage, phenotype in response to vascular injury. Gli1 -Cre ERT -YFP mice were subjected to carotid arterial injury, and uninjured right and injured left carotids were harvested at 3 days, 7 days, and 3 weeks postinjury; fixed; and embedded in OCT. ( A ) Arterial sections were immunofluorescently stained for YFP (green), and in situ hybridization was used to detect periostin transcripts (red). Representative images from N = 3 at each time point. Note strong induction of periostin in AdvSca1-SM cells in response to injury. ( B and C ) Arterial sections were immunofluorescently stained for YFP (green) and CD68 ( B ; red) or MAC2 ( C ; red). Representative images from N = 3 per time point. Note that AdvSca1-SM cells do not coexpress either macrophage marker. Scale bars for panels A - C : 50 mum. M, arterial media; A, arterial adventitia; NI, neointima. Dashed lines indicate the external and internal elastic laminae. ( D ) Single-cell suspensions were isolated from uninjured and 7-day postinjured carotid arteries; cells were stained for SCA1, YFP, CD11c, MHCII, LY6G, CD11b, CD64, alphaSMA, and Aqua VI and analyzed by flow cytometry. Total macrophages (left graph) and YFP + AdvSca1-SM cell-derived macrophages (middle right) were quantified as percentage of all live cells. Median expression of alphaSMA (middle left) and CD64 (right) by the YFP + cell population was expressed as absolute value. Each point represent

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Experimental details: 1 FIGURE Platelet releasates induce myofibroblast differentiation, as evidenced by increased alpha-SMA levels. A, NIH-3T3 cells or (B) GM1381 cells were incubated in 1.5% serum in the presence or absence of releasates from activated human platelets (diluted to 15 µg/mL protein). As indicated, some releasates were previously heat-treated to denature proteins, or digested with ScPPX1 to destroy polyphosphate (red indicates treatment with ScPPX1). After 48 h, antibody staining for alpha-SMA was quantified by confocal microscopy as a marker of myofibroblast differentiation. All values are mean +- SEM (n = 5). Asterisks highlight statistical significance of the indicated comparisons: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (paired t -tests)

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: 2 FIGURE Polyphosphate induces myofibroblast differentiation, as evidenced by increased alpha-SMA levels and stress fiber formation. A and C, Platelet-size polyphosphate (polyP) increases alpha-SMA levels in NIH-3T3 cells. A, Representative images in which NIH-3T3 cells were cultured in 1.5% serum in the absence (control) or presence of 5 umol/L platelet-sized polyphosphate. After 48 h, cells were stained for alpha-SMA (red) or DNA (green) and imaged by confocal microscopy (bar = 10 um). B and C, Dose-response of NIH-3T3 cells to platelet-size polyphosphate. In 5 experiments, cells were treated for 48 h in 1.5% serum plus the indicated concentrations of platelet-size polyphosphate, after which the following were quantified: (B) integrated intensity of alpha-SMA staining per cell, or (C) percent cells positive for alpha-SMA staining localized along fibrin tendrils (stress fibers). D, Platelet-size polyphosphate increases cell body area. NIH-3T3 cells were cultured in 1.5% serum in the absence or presence of 1 mumol/L polyphosphate for 48 h and imaged by confocal microscopy. Cell body area of individual cells was quantified. E and F, Polymer length-dependence of polyphosphate's ability to induce myofibroblast differentiation in NIH 3T3 cells. Cells were incubated in 1.5% serum for 48 h in the presence or absence of 1 umol/L polyphosphate of the indicated polymer lengths (in phosphate units): (E) integrated intensity of alpha-SMA staining per cell, or (F) percent cells positive

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Experimental details: 4 FIGURE Polyphosphate is a chemoattractant. A, NIH-3T3 cells were incubated in 1% serum for 20 h in the upper chamber of migration chambers, with the indicated concentrations of platelet-sized polyphosphate in the lower chamber. B, NIH-3T3 cells were incubated in 1% serum for 20 h with 5 mumol/L platelet-sized polyphosphate in the indicated chamber(s), or without polyphosphate (control). C, NIH-3T3 cells were incubated in 1% serum for 20 h in the upper chamber of migration chambers, with the indicated treatments of 3 mumol/L MRS2279 or 5 mumol/L polyphosphate in the lower chamber. Control chambers received no treatment. After collecting and lysing the cells in the lower chamber, CyQUANT signals were expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) normalized to the no-polyphosphate control (set to 100 RFU). D, NIH-3T3 cells were cultured in 1.5% serum in the absence (control) or presence of 5 umol/L platelet-sized polyphosphate or 3 mumol/L MRS2279. After 48 h, the integrated intensity of alpha-SMA staining was quantified. All values are mean +- SEM (n = 5). Asterisks highlight statistical significance compared to the no-polyphosphate controls: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (paired t tests)

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Experimental details: Fig. 6. alpha-SMA and CD68 expression. a alpha-SMA and CD68 immunostaining of representative sections from groups 1 and 2. Scale bar = 100 muM. Higher magnification images are at 40x. b Quantification of alpha-SMA (intimal region) and CD68 (intimal and medial regions) expression from AVF-artery (top) and AVF-vein (bottom). N = 3-4 in each group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001. An unpaired t test was used to test for statistical differences between AVF without angioplasty and AVF with angioplasty groups. AVF, arteriovenous fistula; alpha-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin.

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Experimental details: Figure 1 Isolation and characterization of avian adult aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) in vitro . (a) Light microscopic image of tri-cusps at the basement of adult avian aortic valves (arrowheads). (b) Bright filed image (x10) of primary chick AVICs culture. AVIC cells are characterized with filamentous morphology (shown by arrowheads) after 48-72 hr culture. (c) Bright-field images (x20) of Coomassie brilliant blue-stained AVICs with distinct morphology are taken from cultured avian AVIC cells. (d-f) AVICs were immunostained with alpha -Sma (green), marking myofibroblasts, and counterstained with DAPI (blue) positive nuclei (x10 (d), x20 (e), and x40 (f); marked by arrowheads). (g) Gene expression analyses of AVIC-specific markers and Asporin , comparing with ventricle (VEN) markers, by RT-PCR. Here, increased expressions of Fibronectin , Sm22alpha , and Asporin are detected in AVICs compared to the VEN tissue, and in contrast, VEN-specific markers ( Myh7 and Gata4 ) have shown increased expression in the isolated VEN tissue compared to AVIC cells. beta -Actin was used for equal mRNA input and RT efficiency ( n = 3).

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Experimental details: Figure 5 hBM-MSCs differentiation toward alpha-SMA phenotype. PGA-PLLA scaffolds seeded with hBM-MSCs () demonstrated the presence of alpha-SMA phenotype in (A) static, (B) flex-flow and (C) PHV groups; the same cell-seeded scaffolds from our experiments focusing on (D,E) static, and (F,G) physiologically-relevant oscillatory flow groups demonstrate the presence of alpha-SMA phenotype. Image magnification of 72X.

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Experimental details: Figure 1 CAFs respond to the vitamin D 3 analogue calcipotriol. CAFs were treated with either DMSO control (filled circle) or 100 nM calcipotriol (blue filled circle) for 72 h. ( a ) Relative expression levels of VDR gene normalized to the housekeeping gene 18 s in non-treated CAFs ( n = 6). ( b ) Fold change expression of (Left) CYP24A ( n = 8) and (Right) CAMP genes ( n = 6) upon calcipotriol treatment normalized to the DMSO control. ( c ) (Left) fold change gene expression of ACTA2 normalized to the DMSO control ( n = 8). (Middle) expression of alphaSMA in CAFs treated with either DMSO control, calcipotriol, ( n = 11) TGFbeta (open circle) or TGFbeta together with calcipotriol (blue open circle) ( n = 8) in 2D cultures. (Right) representative flow cytometry dot plots of alphaSMA expression with different treatments is shown. ( d ) (Left) expression of alpha-SMA in CAFs cultured in 2D or 3D models treated with either DMSO control or calcipotriol ( n = 13). (Middle) expression of alphaSMA on CAFs co-cultured with spheroids in 3D models ( n = 7). (Right) immunostaining of the 3D models showing alphaSMA expression in CAFs (in red) co-cultured with PANC-1 spheroids (in blue) is shown. ( e ) Expression of podoplanin on CAFs treated with either DMSO control, calcipotriol ( n = 10), TGFbeta or TGFbeta together with calcipotriol ( n = 8) in 2D cultures. Representative flow cytometry dot plots of podoplanin expression with different treatments is shown. ( f ) (Left) expression of po

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Experimental details: Fig 1 Cardiac fibroblast differentiation during culture on plastic. Actin alpha 2 smooth muscle (Acta2) mRNA (A) and smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) staining intensity (B) in cardiac fibroblasts plated on plastic for different times. C) Representative immunostaining images for SMA. Scale bar 100mum. D) mRNA expression of collagen (Col) 1a1 and lysyl oxidase (Lox) in cardiac fibroblast cultured on plastic for different durations of time. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett''s multiple comparisons test as indicated for significant differences compared to the 1 day time point. N = 3 (2h, 1d, 2d, 3d, 9d, 12d and 15d), N = 5 (5d), N = 9 (7d). mRNA was normalized to ribosomal 18S.

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Experimental details: Fig 2 Relieving cells of high stiffness delays, but does not prevent, myofibroblast differentiation. A) Schematic illustration of protocol used for experiments in B and C. Cardiac fibroblasts were cultured on plastic or soft gels for 3, 9 or 15 days (d) and then analysed. B) Immunostaining for smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA; green) in cardiac fibroblasts. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar 100mum. C) mRNA expression of myofibroblast markers and Tcf21 at 13 days after seeding. Y-axis value, 2 -DeltaCt , represents mRNA levels for each gene relative to 18S rRNA. DeltaCt is the Ct value of the gene of interest minus the Ct value of 18S rRNA. D) Schematic illustration of protocol used for experiments in E and F. Cardiac fibroblasts were cultured on plastic for 9d where after they were either transferred to soft gels of kept on plastic for an additional 4d. E) Immunostaining for SMA (green) in cardiac fibroblasts. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar 100mum. F) mRNA expression of myofibroblast markers and Tcf21. Significant differences were determined by Student''s t -test corrected for multiple comparisons using Holm-Sidak test. N = 8 (C, plastic and 3d N = 4 (C, 9d), N = 3 (C, 15d) and N = 3 (F).

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Experimental details: Fig 3 Effect of different concentration of ROCK and TGFbetaRI inhibitors on smooth muscle alpha-actin fibers. A) Schematic diagram (modified from Herum et al., JCM , 2017) of the three main mechanically activated signalling pathways that lead to myofibroblast differentiation and pro-fibrotic gene expression. B) Inhibition points using the inhibitors Y27632, SB431542 and cyclosporine A (CsA). Immunostaining of cardiac fibroblasts for smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) in cardiac fibroblasts treated with different concentrations of Y27632 (C) and SB431542 (D and E). The micrograph in E is the same as in D. Phalloidin was used to stain F-actin (C) and DAPI to stain nuclei (D and E). Scale bar 100mum (C) and 200mum (D and E).

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Experimental details: Fig 4 Inhibiting ROCK and TGFbetaRI is most efficient for preventing and reversing the myofibroblast phenotype. A and B) Schematic illustration of treatment regimen. Red arrows indicate the addition of fresh inhibitor solution every 24h. C and D) Immunostaining for smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) in cardiac fibroblasts treated with blockers of ROCK (Y27), TGFbetaRI (SB) and calcineurin (CsA). Scale bar 100mum. E and F) Quantification of SMA staining intensity. G and H) Expression of myofibroblast markers actin alpha 2 smooth muscle (Acta2), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), collagen (Col) 1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, lysyl oxidase (Lox) and periostin (Postn), and the marker of resting cardiac fibroblasts, transcription factor 21 (Tcf21). One-way ANOVA as indicated beside gene name and Dunnett''s multiple comparisons test for significant differences compared to the ""no treatment"" control as indicated in the heat map. N = 3 (E and F), 4 (G) 4-7 (H).

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Experimental details: Fig 6 Reversed cardiac fibroblasts re-differentiate on plastic. A) Schematic illustration of re-differentiation protocol. Cardiac fibroblasts were cultured on plastic for 6 days (d) and then treated with blockers of ROCK (Y27) and TGFbetaRI (SB) for 3d, where after blockers were removed and cells transferred to soft gels for 4d. B) Immunostaining for smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA; green). Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar 100mum. C) mRNA expression of actin alpha 2 smooth muscle (Acta2), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), collagen (Col) 1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, lysyl oxidase (Lox) and periostin (Postn) relative to reversed cells (grey bars), following re-differentiation on plastic (black bars) or soft gels (white bars). Significant differences were determined by Student''s t -test with Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons. N = 3.

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Experimental details: Fig. 3 Endothelial cells may transition to mesenchymal cells in HF. A Confocal microscopic image of double immunofluorescence staining with CD31 (green) and alpha-SMA (red); nuclei were counter stained with DAPI (blue); Scale bars = 100 um. B , C Quantification of immunofluorescence analysis. mRNAs for endothelial cells-associated genes [CD31 ( D ), VE-Cadherin ( E )] and mesenchymal cells-associated gene [alpha-SMA ( F ) and N-Cadherin ( G )] were measured by qPCR. n = 6. Data are presented as mean +- SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. sham group, # p < 0.05 vs. TAC group.

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Experimental details: Fig. 4 EndMT is one origin of myofibroblasts in HF and could be regulated by AGEs/RAGE and autophagy. A Flow cytometry analysis of primary isolates of mouse left ventricular cells. After mechanical disaggregation and enzymatic digestion, single-cell suspensions were incubated with combination of fluorescent antibodies to CD31, VE-Cadherin, and alpha-SMA. B , C Quantification of co-expressed cell analysis. n = 5. Data are presented as mean +- SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. sham group, # p < 0.05 vs. TAC group.

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Experimental details: Fig. 6 AGEs-RAGE induced EndMT by mediating endothelial autophagy in HUVECs. A Confocal microscopic image of double immunofluorescence staining for CD31 (green) and alpha-SMA (red); nuclei were counter stained with DAPI (blue); (Scale bars = 100 um). B Protein expression of Beclin 1, LC3BII/I, RAGE, Collagen I, N-Cadherin, VE-Cadherin, CD31, and alpha-SMA assessed by western blotting. Quantification of RAGE ( C ), COL I ( D ), N-Cadherin ( E ), VE-Cadherin ( F ), CD31 ( G ), alpha-SMA ( H ), Beclin 1 ( I ), and LC3BII/I ( J ). GAPDH was used as the internal control. n = 6. Data are presented as mean +- SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. control group.

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Experimental details: Figure 1 The FRC landscape of Peyer''s patches. a, Murine Peyer''s patches (PP) consist of large B cell follicles (BF) and interfollicular T cell zones (TZ), demarcated from the gut lumen through the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) with microfold (M) cells and underpinned by a PDPN + VCAM1 + FRC network; BV, blood vessel; GC, germinal center; SED, sub-epithelial dome; TBB, T-B cell zone border. b , Confocal microscopy of EYFP + FRC networks in PP of 6 wk old transgenic mice. c , UMAP analysis of EYFP + PP FRCs from adult Ccl19 eYFP and Col6a1 eYFP mice. d , Hierarchical clustering of averaged expression of canonical FRC marker genes. e , Heatmap showing averaged EYFP-expression in FRC clusters of the indicated lineages. f-j , Violin plots depicting subset specific expression of indicated genes in single FRCs k , Confocal microscopy analysis of BF and SED in PPs of adult Ccl19 eYFP mice. Arrowheads indicate EYFP + CD21/35 + FDCs. Asterisks indicate CD34 hi COL1 hi TRCs. l , Confocal microscopy analysis of the TZ and TBB in PPs of adult Ccl19 eYFP mice. m , FRC network in the TBB, arrowheads indicate ACTA2 hi MADCAM1 + TBRCs. n , Confocal microscopy analysis of BF and SED in PPs of adult Col6a1 eYFP mice. Higher magnification images on the right show EYFP + MADCAM1 + MRC in the SED and EYFP + CD21/35 + FDC networks in the BF. o , p , Confocal microscopy analysis of FRC networks spanning from SED to BF. Arrowheads show EYFP + FDCs and MRCs in Ccl19 eYFP mice. n , Schematic

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Experimental details: FIGURE 7 Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin in lung sections (A) An image from the vehicle control group (group I) shows mild cytoplasmic expression of smooth muscle actin antibody in perivascular and peribronchiolar muscle coat with also expression in scattered few mesenchymal cells in interalveolar septa. Compared to its gradually and progressively increased expression in leflunomide 2.5 group (B) , leflunomide 5 group (C) and leflunomide 10 group (D) (E) A column chart representing the mean area +- SDM, (A) : vs. the vehicle group, (B) : vs. the leflunomide 2.5 mg per kg group, (C) : vs. the leflunomide 5 mg per kg group at p < 0.05.

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Experimental details: Fig. 3 PNS attenuated fibrosis associated with TLR 4 pathway in HFD-fed mice but not ob/ob mice. a Representative Sirius Red staining examination in liver sections of ob/ob and HFD mice treated with PNS or vehicle (Scale bars, x 50 mum). b , d The mRNA expression of fibrosis genes, including Collegen I, Collegen IV and alpha-SMA in HFD and ob/ob mice treated with PNS or vehicle. c , e The mRNA levels of inflammatory gens (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CD14) in HFD and ob/ob mice treated with PNS or vehicle. f Immunofluorescence staining of alpha-SMA protein (red) staining in HFD and ob/ob mice treated with PNS or vehicle (Scale bars, x 20 mum). g - j The expression of TLR4 and phosphorylated p-38 proteins in HFD and ob/ob mice were evaluated by the western blotting analysis

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Experimental details: Figure 5 Effect of chrysin on CsA- or TGF-beta1-induced EMT protein expression. LLC-PK1 cells were treated with vehicle (Veh), 4.2 uM CsA, 5 ng/mL TGF-beta1 or 25 uM chrysin (Chr) or both for 48 h. ( A ) Protein expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers were assayed using the Western blot method. Representative Western blots for E-cadherin, alphaSMA and vimentin are shown, and data are represented as mean intensity relative to beta-actin +- SD of three individual experiments. ( B ) The amount of collagen deposited in the cell monolayers was assayed by Sircol(tm) Sirius red assay and normalized to protein content. Data are represented as mean collagen content +- SEM of four individual experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. * indicates p < 0.05 versus control; + indicates p < 0.05 versus chrysin co-treatment.

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Experimental details: Fig. 10 Intercellular transfer of miR-133 by H/R-induced EPC-derived exosomes inhibits fibroblast MEndoT. a Endothelial markers CD31, VE-cadherin, and vWF and fibrosis markers alpha-SMA, N-cadherin, vimentin, and collagen I were measured by western blotting in fibroblasts treated with H/R, H/R+ov-NC, H/R+si-YBX1+miR-133 inhibitor, and H/R+ ov-YBX1+miR-133 inhibitor-induced EPC-derived exosomes. b - h The bar graph represents quantification of endothelial markers CD31 ( b ), VE-cadherin ( c ), and vWF ( d ) and fibrosis markers alpha-SMA ( e ), N-cadherin ( f ), vimentin ( g ), and collagen I ( h ) expression per group. *** P < 0.001

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Experimental details: Fig. 5 Intercellular transfer of miR-133 by H/R-induced EPC-derived exosomes inhibits fibroblast MEndoT. a Endothelial markers CD31, VE-cadherin, and vWF and fibrosis markers alpha-SMA, N-cadherin, vimentin, and collagen I were measured by western blotting in fibroblasts treated with normal cultured EPC-derived exosomes, H/R-induced EPC-derived exosomes, H/R+NC inhibitor-induced EPC-derived exosomes, and H/R+miR-133 inhibitor-induced EPC-derived exosomes. b - h The bar graph represents quantification of endothelial markers CD31 ( b ), VE-cadherin ( c ), and Vwf ( d ) and fibrosis markers alpha-SMA ( e ), N-cadherin ( f ), vimentin ( g ), and collagen I ( h ) expression per group. *** P < 0.001, &&& P < 0.001

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 2 Treg cell ablation results in advanced tumor staging. (A,B) 10-week-old mammary gland whole mount representative images (A) and quantification (B) of the percentage of tumor area of control (black) and Treg cell-ablated (green) mice ( n = 16-17 individual mammary glands). Scale bars represent 5 mm, * p = 0.0405 calculated by Mann-Whitney test. (C,D) Representative image (C) and quantification (D) of tumor stage. Arrows indicate examples of various tumor stages: hyperplasia/adenoma (green arrow), early invasive carcinoma (black arrow), and late invasive carcinoma (white arrow) (E) alpha-SMA myoepithelial staining confirming disruption of myoepithelial layer (F,G) , representative image (F) and quantification (G) of desmoplasia; (H,I) representative image of Masson trichome staining (H) and quantification (I) of collagen deposition; and (J,K) representative image (J) and quantification (K) of inflammatory infiltration. (E,F,H,J) White arrows indicate examples of histological observation. Values are expressed as mean +- SEM. Tumor staging was compared by two-way ANOVA, **** p < 0.0001; other comparisons were done by Mann-Whitney test. **** p < 0.0001 and ** p = 0.0021. Data were pooled from four independent experiments. (C,E,F,H,J) Scale bars represent 250 mum.

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 5 Decalcified histology and immunohistochemistry of the control marrow construct, showing top to bottom: H&E at low and high magnification showing the distribution and organization of the extracellular matrix outside and within the scaffold (star = polymer clip, blue arrow = thick vascular capsule surrounding the clip, and yellow arrow = thin vascular capsule surrounding the implant); the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (brown); type-IV collagen distribution (in brown). Scale bars on low and high magnification represent 1 mm and 100 um, respectively.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Figure 6 Decalcified histology and immunohistochemistry of the experimental group (marrow + vein perfusion), showing top to bottom: H&E at low and high magnification showing the distribution and organization of the extracellular matrix outside and within the scaffold (star = polymer clip and blue arrow = thick vascular capsule surrounding the clip); the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (displayed in brown); type-IV collagen distribution (in brown). Scale bars on low and high magnification represent 1 mm and 100 um, respectively. Contrast absence of collagen IV staining inside the scaffold with the nonperfused sample in Figure 5 .

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 3 In Vivo Transplantation of HVPs under Renal Capsule (A) Schematic illustration of HVP generation, differentiation, and transplantation. HVPs were injected under the kidney capsule or intra-myocardially into the heart (injection site marked with squares); photos illustrate where the HVP graft was formed 2 months after transplantation, when it was recovered. (B) Electron microscopy of the HVP patch in the kidney capsule revealed mature ultra-structure, including organized and aligned sarcomeres, with well-defined Z-line, M-line, A-band, and I-band (left micrograph). Also apparent were desmosomes, mitochondria, myofilament bundles (middle panel), and capillaries containing red blood cells (right panel). (C) High-resolution immunofluorescence images further demonstrate sarcomeric organization within HVP grafts, with transverse orientation of a-actinin at z-lines and actin staining between z-lines. Membrane staining (WGA) revealed the presence of developing T-tubules (middle panels, high magnification of indicated region at right). (D) Immunofluorescence staining of the HVP kidney patch, with antibodies against MLC2a, MLC2v, cTnT, aSMA, ISL1, laminin, HCN4, human fibronectin, VE-cadherin, and Ki67. Scale bar, 200 mum. Red lectin was injected via the tail vein, illustrating a direct connection of the HVP kidney patch with the host venous system. Scale bar, 50 mum. (E and F) A 6+-week-old HVP kidney patch was harvested for ex vivo optical mapping and observed under brigh

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 4 PanIN lesions and stromal areas in pancreatic tissue from KC- Crmp4 WT mice. (A-D) Serial section of PanIN-2 lesion stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A), anti-CRMP4 (B), anti-CD3 (C), and anti-alphaSMA antibodies (D). CRMP4-positive cells are coincident with alphaSMA-positive cells. Scale bar, 20 mum. All sections represent a PanIN-2 lesion in a KC- Crmp4 WT mouse. Figure 4

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 6 Double immunofluorescence labeling with CRMP4 and alphaSMA in PanIN-2 lesion in KC- Crmp4 WT mice. Representative image of PanIN-2 lesion stained with anti-CRMP4 antibody (A), anti-alphaSMA antibody (B), DAPI (C), and merged image (D). Scale bar, 50 mum. The epithelial cells were CRMP4 positive (yellow arrowhead). Some stromal cells surrounding the PanIN lesions coexpress CRMP4 and alphaSMA (white arrowhead). Magnified images of boxed areas in the epithelial cells of PanIN lesion and in stromal area in panel D were shown in panels E and F, respectively. Scale bar, 25 mum. The representative CRMP4 and alphaSMA double-positive cells (white arrowhead) in stromal areas surrounding the PanIN-1A (opened arrowhead) were shown in panels G and H. Scale bar, 25 mum. All sections represent PanIN lesions in a KC- Crmp4 WT mouse. Figure 6

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 1 Generation of the smooth muscle-specific knock out mouse model. ( A ) Schematic illustrating strategy for TRPC3 gene deletion. Open boxes are untranslated exon sequence. Closed boxes are translated open reading frame. Asterisks denote stop codons. Red arrows mark the location of loxP sites targeting the pore-forming region (exon 7) for cleavage by Cre recombinase. Blue arrows denote forward and reverse primers for RT-PCR analysis. ( B ) RT-PCR analysis of mRNA from endothelium-denuded mouse mesenteric arteries from tamoxifen-treated (TRPC3smcKO) or vehicle-treated (littermate control) mice. 500 bp floxed amplicon of exon 7 denotes an intact exon 7 while 300 bp band indicates the cleavage fragment of exon 7 excision. No cleavage fragments were found in any tissue of untreated mice whereas only the 300 bp cleavage fragment was detected in mesenteric artery of tamoxifen-treated mice, demonstrating effective knockout of TRPC3 in SMCs. ( C ) Brain sections fluorescently immunolabeled against TRPC3 (purple) and smooth muscle alpha actin (green). Note the co-localization (white) of TRPC3 and smooth muscle alpha actin in small cerebral arteries of a littermate control and the absence of colocalization in cerebral arteries of a TRPC3smcKO mouse.

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 2. Vascular cells reprogrammed from young vs. old donors show gene expression and functional differences. Heat-map representing DE genes between reprogrammed vascular cells from young (N = 3) vs. old (N = 3) donors (iSMCs ( A ), iVECs ( B )). Z score = +- 1.5. DE genes with log 2 FC > 1 and FDR < 0.05. Quantification of BMP2 ( C ) and PALD1 ( D ) expression in human skin biopsies from young vs. old donors (N = 2 donors per condition; N = 10 tissue sections per condition; Student's t-test with p